Serum levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer: a pilot study

INTRODUCTION

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common lethal malignancy among biliary tract cancers worldwide.^[1] In India, GBC is among the top 20 cancers, with a prevalence of 1.82 per 100,000.^[2] It is found to be more prevalent in female residents of the Indo-Gangetic belt in Northern India.^[3] Usually, GBC has a poor prognosis due to delayed diagnosis because of nonspecific symptoms.^[3] To date, there are no definitive tumor markers or screening tests for early diagnosis or determining the prognosis of GBC.

GBC is associated with many ethnic and genetic factors.^[4] Chronic inflammation due to gallstones is one of the major risk factors for GBC.^[5] The link between inflammation and cancer is well documented. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are both considered the primary mediators of a network of interactive signals. IL-6 and TNF-α are proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers, with pleiotropic activities including inflammatory response as well as lymphangiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.^[6]

IL-6 is secreted by monocytes, Kupffer’s cells, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and Band T-cells. IL-6 signaling is mediated through the Janus kinases (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT) pathway and leads to the expression of molecules involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis.^[6] Increased IL-6 expression has been observed in prostatic, lung, breast, and ovarian cancer.^[7–10] One study by Liu et al showed higher circulating levels of IL-6 in GBC, suggesting further exploration of inflammatory pathways in GBC.^[11] Similarly, another study by Høgdall et al showed serum IL-6 as an independent prognostic factor in biliary tract cancers, including GBC.^[12] TNF-α is also a pleiotropic cytokine that has been associated with cancer progression. TNF-α plays a role in cancer promotion via nuclear factor-κb (NF-κb) signaling.^[13] TNF-α has been studied in bile, gallbladder cell lines, and gallbladder tissues.^[14,15] Chaturmohta et al studied the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of various cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α in GBC.^[16] They reported an association of increased expression of TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-8, and VEGF with stages and grades of GBC, whereas IL-6 mRNA failed to show any association.

According to previous studies, IL-6 and TNF-α are the most common inflammatory mediators in the tumor microenvironment.^[17-19] There is a paucity of studies on the evaluation of inflammatory cytokines as potential serumbased biomarkers in GBC. However, few scattered reports are available in cases of IL-6,11,12 whereas no such study could be found exploring both IL-6 and TNF-α. The present study aimed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of serum IL-6 and TNF-α in cases of GBC, as well as their correlation with different clinicopathological characteristics and frequently employed serum tumor markers, including CEA, CA125, and CA19-9, which are utilized to evaluate tumor response and prognosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective case-control study was conducted after obtaining appropriate approval from Institutional Ethical Committee (Ref. no. 422/IEC/M. Sc/2020). Informed consent was taken from all the patients. Convenient sampling method was used since this was a time-bound study. Patients ≤18 years, previously treated for GBC, those with metachronous and synchronous malignancies, poor performance status, and those who refused to give consent were excluded. Forty patients aged ≥18 years, with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or histopathologically biopsy-proven cases of GBC, were included in the present study. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen and pelvis was done to determine the disease stage. The staging was done as per the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth staging system. Resectability was assessed based on the radiological investigation. Criteria for unresectability included the involvement of portal vein, hepatic artery, and direct extension into adjacent organs, and presence of omental or peritoneal deposits and enlarged aortocaval lymph nodes. Forty controls were obtained that were matched for age and sex. Healthy controls were selected from individuals who were ≥18 years with normal liver function tests and no other comorbidities.

RESULT

A total of 80 samples were enrolled in the study, out of which 40 were GBC patients. The mean age of the GBC patient group was 53.6 ± 12.42 years. In all, 80% of GBC patients were females. Abdominal pain (87.5%) was the most common presenting symptom. Most of the patients were presented at an advanced stage, with 65% in stage IV cancer. In total, 75% of the patients were associated with gallstones, and 80% had liver infiltration. Eighty percent of the patients had an unresectable disease and were subjected to palliative chemotherapy. The healthy control group composed of individuals who were matched in terms of age and sex, exhibited normal liver function test results, and did not present with any notable clinical characteristics. The clinicopathological characteristics of GBC cases are summarized in Table 1.

Serum Levels of Cytokines in Gallbladder Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls

Serum IL-6 was significantly higher (49.13 [14.12 – 96.55] pg/mL) in GBC cases as compared to the control group (4.62 [3.44 – 5.77] pg/mL). However, TNF-α was found to be undetectable in the control group, so for statistical purposes, all the control group TNF-α values were taken as 0.09 pg/mL, which was the lower limit of detection of the kit we used. For the GBC group, only 42.5% of patients showed TNF-α in a detectable range, from 0.09 to 15.81 pg/mL. Outof the detectable patients, only five showed TNF-α at a higher level (Figure 1, Table 2). To determine the clinical utility of serum IL-6 and TNF-α, the ROC curve was plotted (Figure 2). ROC curve analysis revealed an area under curve (AUC) for serum IL-6 of 0.89 witha sensitivityof 82.5% andspecificityof 97.5% atanoptimal cutoff value of 13.49 pg/mL as determined by Youden’s index. AUC for TNF-α was found to be 0.71 with a sensitivity and specificity of 40.0 and 100%, respectively, and a cutoff value of 0.24 pg/mL, indicating the high discriminatory potential of these cytokines in identifying GBC patients (Table 3).

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Figure 1:

Box plots demonstrating (a) serum IL-6 (values in pg/mL) and (b) TNF-α (values in pg/mL) in gallbladder carcinoma cases and healthy controls. IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

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Figure 2:

ROC curves of serum IL-6 and TNF-α for the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. IL-6, interleukin-6; receiver operating characteristics; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

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Table 2: Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in GBC patients and healthy controls

Inflammatory marker	n	Z value	p-value
IL-6 (pg/mL)
GBC	40	–6.09	0.0001a
Controls	40
TNF-α (pg/mL)
GBC	40	–4.57	0.0001a
Controls	40

Abbreviations: GBC, gallbladder cancer; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-κ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

^aSignificant at the 0.05 level.

Table 3: ROC curve analysis for serum IL-6 and TNF-α

	AUC	Standard error	95% confidence interval		Cutoff value (pg/mL)	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
			Lower bound	Upper bound
IL-6	0.89	0.04	0.81	0.97	13.49	82.5	97.5
TNF-α	0.71	0.05	0.59	0.82	0.245	40.0	100

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; IL-6, interleukin-6; ROC, receiver operating characteristics; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

DISCUSSION

GBC originates from the gallbladder epithelia, which are of highly malignant potential and the most lethal tumor among different biliary tract cancers worldwide.^[1] GBC, owing to its high incidence, late-stage diagnosis, and aggressive tumor behavior with high morbidity and mortality, deserves extensive clinical research, which directs toward its early detection. The link between GBC and inflammation is well established, and the key endogenous promoters include inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which are the major players in cancer-related inflammation.^[20] The pathogenesis and advancement of GBC may be facilitated by regional inflammatory responses, which entail the discharge of IL-6 and TNF-α. These responses may cause genetic modifications that promote the survival and proliferation of mutated cells, impede apoptosis, and stimulate angiogenesis and metastasis.^[20] Our study only focused on establishing the relationship between IL-6 and TNF-α with GBC.

In our investigation, the GBC patients’ serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were found to be considerably higher than those of healthy controls. As IL-6 and TNF-α are known to be essential players in cancer-related inflammation, this is consistent with the findings of earlier studies and supports the link between inflammation and cancer. Similar research on colorectal cancer by Xu et al revealed a high serum IL-6 level linked to a poor prognosis for both colorectal cancer overall survival and disease-free survival, suggesting that serum IL-6 may be a viable biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer.^[21] In a different study on prostate cancer, Michalaki et al found significantly higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in metastatic diseases than in local illness.^[7]

ROC curve was generated to determine the diagnostic efficacy or utility of IL-6 and TNF-α in GBC patients. At an ideal cutoff value of 13.49 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of IL-6 were 82.5 and 97.5%, respectively, according to the ROC curve analysis. The cutoff value for TNF-α was 0.24 pg/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity were 40.0 and 100%, respectively. No control sample for TNF-α revealed concentrations above the detectable limit, demonstrating the great specificity of the test. IL-6 was found to be a more sensitive marker than TNF-α. However, it was uncertain if it had a diagnostic or predictive function.

There was also a significant difference in the levels of serum IL-6 between the groups of patients with resectable and nonresectable GBC. The median value of the nonresectable group was significantly higher than that of the resectable group, implying that as the disease progresses, the release of inflammatory markers also increases. According to Coussens and Werb’s work, inflammation plays a crucial role in the growth of malignancies, which helps explain our findings.^[22] The study’s results indicate that the tumor microenvironment, which is primarily mediated and supported by inflammatory cells, is an essential component of the neoplastic process because it supports the growth, survival, and migration of cancer cells.^[22] The lack of association with other factors such age, gender, gallstones, total bilirubin, smoking, and alcoholism might be the result of a small sample size or a skewed distribution of cases since more patients had cancer that was in an advanced stage.

On correlating serum IL-6 and TNF-α with serum tumor markers, we observed a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and CA125. This may be understood in light of a prior research by Rajput et al that showed a strong correlation between the increase of CA125 and IL-6 levels in individuals with benign and malignant ovarian tumors.^[23]

In benign instances, levels of both biomarkers were almost normal, but the levels were elevated in malignant cases.^[23]

However, IL-6 failed to show a correlation with CEA and CA19-9. In our study, TNF-α fails to show any association with tumor markers.

In our study, age, gender, gallstones, total bilirubin, smoking, and alcoholism were not found to be risk factors for GBC. This is contrary to earlier studies in which these were shown to be risk factors. This may be due to the low sample size and noninvolvement of all stages of GBC stages.

The current study’s limitation is the small sample size and restricted geographic dispersion. The serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α as indicators of inflammation in other noncancerous gallbladder inflammatory disorders were not evaluated in this study. Additionally, fewer patients were in the early stages, so firm conclusions could not be drawn. Since the bulk of the case group is at an advanced stage, we need to conduct further research with larger sample sizes that include all GBC stages in order to comprehend the diagnostic and prognostic roles played by IL-6 and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

Serum IL-6 may be utilized to diagnose GBC cases, predict whether a case would be amenable to resection, and identify instances of GBC in combination with other serum tumor markers. In contrast, serum TNF-α, despite its high area under the curve, showed low sensitivity for the detection of GBC. However, further studies encompassing noninflammatory conditions are required to make a conclusive remark on its utility as a specific biomarker.