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Fosfomycin versus Nitrofurantoin for the Treatment of Lower UTI in Outpatients
Address for correspondence: Vinita Rawat, MD, Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263139, India (e-mail: drvinitarawat31@rediffmail.com).
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Introduction
Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin are increasingly being prescribed in outpatients for the oral treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). Although ample literature is available on the in vitro sensitivity pattern of fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin in UTI cases, clinical data are scant.
Methodology
Voided midstream urine, collected from patients ≥ 16 years of age of both genders with suspected sign and symptoms, was plated on cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient agar. Uropathogen was defined as an organism known to be associated with the signs and symptoms of UTI with > 105 colony forming units/mL of urine. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Further, for fosfomycin, agar dilution method was also performed.
Results
A total of 143 patients, 47 treated with fosfomycin and 96 with nitrofurantoin, were followed for clinical outcome. The most common isolated uropathogen was Escherichia coli. In vitro susceptibility rate of uropathogens against fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin was 99.3% and 81.2%, respectively. Overall, the clinical cure rate with fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin treatment groups was 80.85% and 90.06% respectively (not statistically significant).
Conclusion
Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin showed good in vitro activity against uropathogens from lower UTI and can be used for empirical therapy in our area. Multiple confounding factors may have contributed to the discrepancy between in vitro susceptibility and clinical cure, which needs to be studied further.
Keywords
fosfomycin
nitrofurantoin
UTI
Introduction
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common community-acquired infections, and agents such as fluoroquinolone and co-trimoxazole are commonly used for the treatment of UTI. However, due to the increased prevalence of drug resistance globally, there has been a surge in the efforts to identify newer treatment options or re-evaluate the existing agents for the treatment of UTIs, such as fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin.[1-4] Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin are now being increasingly prescribed in outpatients for the oral treatment of UTI. Although ample literature is available on the in vitro sensitivity pattern of fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin in UTI cases, clinical data are scant.
Methodology
Ethical clearance for this prospective study was obtained from the institutional ethic committee.
Clean voided midstream urine samples were collected from patients ≥ 16 years of age of both genders with suspected signs and symptoms, along with clinical diagnosis of lower UTI.
Urine samples were plated on cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient (CLED) agar by standard loop method and were incubated overnight at 37°C. Urinary pathogens were identified as per the standard protocol.[5]
We defined a uropathogen as an organism known to be associated with signs and symptoms of UTI with > 105 colony forming units/mL of urine. If a urine specimen grew > 2 organisms, it was considered as contaminated and was excluded from the study.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and results were interpreted as per the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).[5] The following antibiotics discs were used: fosfomycin (200µg/disc), levofloxacin (5µg/disc), nitrofurantoin (300µg/disc), co-trimoxazole (25µg/disc), and cephazolin (30µg/disc). Fosfomycin trometamol resistance was also determined by the agar dilution method as per the CLSI guidelines 2017.[6] Interpretative criteria from the CLSI for fosfomycin susceptibility are only available for Escherichia coli(E. coli) and Enterococcus faecalis. Therefore, results for other organisms were interpreted according to the criteria for E. coli.
A detailed questionnaire tracking the demographics, risk factors, and clinical information was recorded in a predesigned proforma at the time of the report delivery. This accompanying questionnaire enabled us to classify UTIs as complicated or uncomplicated. Patients were divided in two treatment groups: fosfomycin-treated group (FTG) and nitrofurantoin-treated group (NTG). Patients were asked for a repeat sample 10 to 12 days after the completion of treatment and to contact the study investigator in the absence of clinical improvement. Telephonic follow-ups were made with all the patients for 1 month to know the treatment outcome.
Complicated UTI
Male gender, pregnancy, history of UTI in the last 2 weeks, history of admission to the hospital in the last 30 days, presence of diabetes mellitus, obstructive uropathy, or the presence of a urinary catheter on sampling were considered as complicating factors.[7] Acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC)—female nonpregnant patients without complicating factors, presenting with at least one urinary symptom (i.e., frequency, dysuria, hematuria, suprapubic pain, excluding fever, or vaginal symptoms) and a positive urine culture were assigned to the AUC group.[7]
We divided microbiological outcome into the following five categories:
Sterile urine—Microbiological cure
No follow-up sample available but clinical resolution was confirmed telephonically
No follow-up sample available for whom the persistence of symptoms was confirmed telephonically
Reinfection—development of UTI with a different organism within 30 days
Relapse—development of UTI with the same organism within 30 days
Clinical Cure
Category 1 and 2 were considered as clinical cure.
Clinical Failure
Category 3, 4, and 5 were considered as clinical failure.
Statistical Analysis
The data were entered in MS Excel and analysis was done using the software Epi Info version 7.2.3.1. Data were expressed in terms of frequency and percentage. Chi-squared test was used for the assessment of statistical significance of the difference between proportions. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 294 symptomatic patients showed growth in urine culture during the study period (September 2017–December 2018). Out of these, only 164 patients could be followed up. From these 164 patients, 47 were treated with fosfomycin, 96 with nitrofurantoin, and 21 patients received additional antimicrobial agents along with fosfomycin or nitrofurantoin; hence, these 21 cases were excluded from our analysis. A total of 143 patients were included for analysis, and had 145 urinary pathogens. Baseline demographics and associated risk factors are depicted in ►Table 1. Patients in fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin treatment groups were significantly varied on the basis of gender. The proportion of patients having obstructive uropathy and more than one risk factors was significantly different in the fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin treatment groups.
| Variables | Fosfomycin taken, n = 47 (%) | Nitrofurantoin taken, n = 96 (%) | p- Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 16–45 | 19 (40.43) | 57 (59.38) | 0.05 |
| > 45 | 28 (59.57) | 39 (40.63) | ||
| Sex | Male | 26 (55.32) | 19 (19.79) | 0.000 |
| Female | 21 (44.68) | 77 (80.21) | ||
| Associated risk factors | ||||
| UTI > 2 wk | 6(12.77) | 13(13.54) | 1.00 | |
| Hospitalization > 30 days | 5 (10.64) | 3 (3.13) | 0.147 | |
| Obstructive uropathy | 14 (29.79) | 12(12.50) | 0.022 | |
| Diabetes | 10 (21.28) | 9 (9.38) | 0.087 | |
| Catheterization | 13 (27.66) | 10 (10.42) | 0.01 | |
| Pregnancya | 2 (9.52) | 6 (7.79) | 0.03 | |
| > 1 risk factor | 26 (55.32) | 18 (18.75) | 0.002 | |
Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection.
a Percentage calculated from female sex.
The most commonly isolated uropathogen was E. coli (81%). The susceptibility rate of uropathogens against fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and cephalexin was 99.3%, 81.2%, 62%, 65%, and 65%, respectively. Intermediate sensitivity was considered as a resistant for analysis. These included six nitrofurantoin, two ciprofloxacin, one fosfomycin, and one cephalexin. Pathogen-wise antimicrobial resistance pattern is shown in ►Table 2. In the present study, FTG received three doses of 3 g fosfomycin on alternate days, and NTG received five doses of 100 mg nitrofurantoin every 12 hours. Overall, the clinical cure rate of fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin treatment groups was 80.85% and 90.06%, respectively. However, this difference is not statistically significant. Category-wise treatment outcome in treatment groups is shown in ►Table 3. Relapse was two times higher in FTG as compared to NTG (8.5% vs. 4.1%). Clinical outcome in complicated versus uncomplicated UTI by treatment allocation is depicted in ►Table 4. In FTG, relapse and reinfection were seen in all six E. coli isolates. However, among NTG, two Pseudomonas spp., one Citrobacter spp., and one E. coli showed relapse, and reinfection was observed in four E. coli isolates.
| Organism (n = 143) | Ciprofloxacin | Cotrimoxazole | Cefazolin | Nitrofurantoin | Fosfomycin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli (n = 116) | 81 (69.3) | 78 (67.27) | 78 (67.24) | 10 (8.62) | 0 (0) |
| Klebsiella spp. (n = 13) | 6 (46.15) | 7 (33.8) | 7 (53.8) | 7 (53.04) | 0 (0) |
| Pseudomonas spp. (n = 5) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20) |
| Citrobacter spp. (n = 3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (66.6) | 0 (0) |
| Enterobacter spp. (n = 5) | 1 (20.0) | 3 (60.0) | 4 (80.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0 (0) |
| Proteus spp. (n = 1) | 0 (0) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) |
| Total = 143 | 89 (62.2) | 93 (65) | 93 (65) | 27 (18.9) | 1 (0.69) |
| Category | Fosfomycin taken, n = 47 (%) | Nitrofurantoin taken, n = 96 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sterile urine in follow-up samples | 16 (34) | 37 (38.5) |
| 2. No follow-up sample available but clinical resolution was confirmed telephonically | 22 (46.8) | 50 (53.1) |
| 3. No follow-up sample available but persistence of symptoms confirmed telephonically | 3 (6.4) | 1 (1.04) |
| 4. Reinfection—development of UTI with the different organism within 30 days | 2 (4.2) | 4 (4.1) |
| 5. Relapse—development of UTI with the different organism within 30 days | 4 (8.5) | 4 (4.1) |
Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection.
| Classification of UTI | Antibiotic taken | Clinical cure, n (%) | Clinical failure, n (%) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complicated UTI | Fosfomycin (n = 43) | 34 (79.1) | 09 (20.9) | 0.192 |
| Nitrofurantoin (n = 61) | 55 (91.2) | 06 (09.8) | ||
| Uncomplicated UTI | Fosfomycin (n = 04) | 04 (100) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Nitrofurantoin (n = 35) | 32 (91.4) | 3 (08.6) |
Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection.
Discussion
UTI is an exceedingly common type of bacterial infection that affects healthy individual as well as those with comorbidity. Most UTIs are caused by E. coli.[1,3,4] In the present study, E. coli was isolated in 82% of cases, which also reflected the etiology of UTI in the general adult population.[1,3,4,8]
There is an increase in literature on the use of fosfomycin in UTIs from the western world,[8-11] but in India there is limited data on the use of fosfomycin. In the present study, in vitro sensitivity to fosfomycin (99.3%) was consistent with other studies.[1,3,8] Nitrofurantoin is being prescribed in our setup for more than a decade, whereas fosfomycin is being prescribed for the past 2 years. This may be the reason for the higher resistance rate against nitrofurantoin (81.2%).
Overall, the clinical cure rate was favorable in both treatment groups. Ninety per cent patients receiving nitrofurantoin maintained clinical resolution, versus 80.8% of those receiving fosfomycin, though this difference was not statistically significant. Our results are comparable with two clinical trials comparing these two drugs; authors of these trials found clinical and microbiological cure rate of 82 to 95% and 87 to 96% in FTG and NTG, respectively.[9-11] Recently, in a randomized clinical trial among women with uncomplicated UTI, 171 of 244 patients (70%) receiving nitrofurantoin maintained clinical resolution, versus 139 of 241 (58%) receiving fosfomycin at 24 days of therapy completion.[11] On the contrary, higher clinical success (96.4%) was achieved in the assessment of fosfomycin in complicated UTI.[12]
In an uncontrolled open-label, multicentric study in China, the overall efficacy rate of treatment with fosfomycin in complicated, uncomplicated, and recurrent lower UTI was found to be 64.52%, 95.29%, and 77.77%, respectively.[13] In the present study, the clinical cure rate was observed to be 100% in uncomplicated UTIs and 80.85% in complicated UTIs treated with fosfomycin. In NTG, a clinical cure rate of 90% was maintained in both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. In another multicenter study from India, the rate of bacterial eradication, bacterial persistence, and bacterial reinfection after fosfomycin treatment was found to be 89.3%, 3.9%, and 3.9%, respectively.[14] In the current study, more than one risk factors were significantly higher in the FTG, which could be the reason for the higher relapse rate in FTG as compared to NTG (8.5% vs. 4.1%).
In the present study, in NTG, 14 patients received this drug, though the 8 isolates were reported resistant and 6 intermediate sensitive to it. In these patients, the drug was prescribed empirically prior to the release of the full susceptibility data from laboratory. Out of these, 12 patients responded to the treatment, as confirmed telephonically. Clinical cure may be due to the synergistic action of the immune system. However, other confounding factors may have contributed for the clinical cure, which requires further study.
National treatment guidelines for antimicrobials have recommended the use of nitrofurantoin, cotrimoxazole, and fluoroquinolone as empiric therapy for lower UTI, but in the current study more than 60% resistance was observed against cotrimoxazole and fluoroquinolone. Hence, these drugs should not be used as empirical therapy in UTI in the study area. Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin were found to be the drugs of choice in lower UTIs in outpatients. Patients treated with fosfomycin showed a higher relapse rate as compared to those treated with nitrofurantoin.
Limitations
This study has important limitations such as uncontrolled nature and single-center experience. Choice of therapy was at the discretion of the treating physician. Same dosage regimen was used for complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Follow-up urine samples could not be taken in all patients that could have provided a more reliable assessment of the clinical outcome.
Contributions of Authors
Vinita Rawat conceived, designed, and drafted the manuscript besides analyzing the data. Shradha Sharma performed laboratory tests, data entry, and literature search. Pankaj Kumar Verma critically revised the manuscript and provided samples for testing. Umesh Varshney drafted the manuscript. Rajesh Singh analyzed data and drafted the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
Nil.
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